- Process of rationality and reason
- Enlightenment - period in the 18th C when scientific philosophical thinking made leaps and bounds
- Secularisation - reason rather than Metaphysics
- Belief in an unified scientific method
- Positivism
C.P Snow
- The two cultures and the scientific revolution - 1959
- The arts & the sciences were two different agendas - could never fuse together
Positivism
- Positive outcome - definite outcome - it does something
- Facts
- Separation of facts from value (value freedom)
- Measurement rather than argument
- The facts speak for themselves
- Causation
- Separation and control of variables
- Rigorous methods
Approaches to research
- Empiricism - scientific research - setting up an experiment & observing
- Quantitative research - numbers, charts
- Qualitative research - opposite side to quantitative - interviews etc
- Subjectivism
Action research
- Academic way of planning out & carrying out research - actively taking part
- Cycle - Researcher enters - Real world takes part in - action in the situation enables - reflection on the involvement leads to - findings/beginning of cycle
Cycle of Synthesis
- Unification of doing
- Theory, Action, Reflection
Methodology
- Method - A way of proceeding about something in systematic or logical manner
- Methodology - The science of method, employed in a particular activity
- Some methodologies: Historical, communication, theory etc.
Epistemology
- Ways of thinking about thinking
- Ways of thinking, and selecting between different approaches to a subject - knowing the routes and their outcomes & choosing one in particular because of this
The Hermeneutic Circle
- First grasp - inspection of detail - global inspection - deeper understanding
- Constant refinement
- Developed by Heidegger
- Interpretation is a process designed to clarify an experience and assign meaning to it
- This is aided by the hermeneutic circle which involves looking at different perspectives on events and relating individual components
- Ricoeur - anything in the world can be interpreted in three different levels - behind the text, in/through the text & in front of the text
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